Are Debt Buyers Ever Going to Start Buying Paper Again?

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Ever since the new policies of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) went into action over the past few months, bringing with them a sustained focus on collection agencies and collection law firms that has yet to abate, there has been a perceived shift in the industry.  Banks and other large players in the debt field have put severe restrictions on who they will sell “paper” to, restrictions which have had the practical effect of freezing out the smaller collection agencies.  At the same time, many small firms have shown a disinterest in buying all but the most sparklingly well-documented paper for fear of running afoul of the newly watchful Federal Government.  The spate of charges and lawsuits brought by the FTC in recent months has underscored the new reality: Shady practices and robo-signed no-doc debts or contested debts will no longer fly for very long.

The market for paper has thus been in a depressed state, as in many ways, the FTC has forced the larger collection agencies who meet the $10,000,000 revenue baseline to collude against smaller agencies as a form of self-defense. They want the scrutiny to go away, and as such feel they can’t afford to be connected to smaller firms who might play fast and loose with disclosure and documentation regulations.

There are signs that smaller firms are ready to start buying paper again.  After all, the debt business in the U.S. alone is worth $12.2 billion annually.  That means, no matter how large the big players are, there is a lot of money left over for small firms to reap.  And the larger firms can’t afford to take on smaller debts that aren’t cost-effective for them to handle, traditionally the impetus to sell paper off down the food chain.

However, while most experts in the field feel certain that the small firms will begin buying paper in bulk again soon, so far there has been no overt sign that this gold rush has begun.

FTC: When It Comes to the TCPA and FDCPA, Everything Counts

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For an industry that relies so heavily on communication devices to reach their targets, debt collectors have been carefully watching how the Federal Trade Commission interprets and enforces laws relating to their business for decades.  Collection agencies and collection attorneys have been paying particular attention to the Federal Debt Collections Practices Act (FDCPA) and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) because the language of both acts – the first written in 1977 and the latter amendment created in 1991 – predate many modern technologies, especially text messaging and ringless voicemail.

The FTC has no rulemaking authority, but frequently uses its enforcement authority to telegraph how it plans to interpret rules and regulations going forward.  Recently, the FTC brought the first case against a collection firm based in Glendale, California that involved the sending of text messages and found that the firm had violated the clear disclosure rule of the FDCPA when it used text messages that made no reference to debt and did not obtain prior permission from the consumer.  The company in question agreed to a $1 million settlement and to accept guidelines for future collection attempts.

The ruling was enlightening because the FTC chose its words very carefully to state that it does not matter where the transmission was targeted (i.e., a land-line phone or device).  In fact, the FTC underlined the issue in a post to its web site, writing ‘Regardless of the means you choose — mail, phone, text, or something else — the law applies across the board.’

Thus, the FTC’s policy going forward is relatively clear: There will be no tolerance for “loopholes” regarding text messages or so-called “ringless voicemail” messages that bypass a mobile phone’s ringer and allow direct recording to voicemail.  The FTC clearly intends to regard any communication without clear and prominent disclosure as a violation of the FDCPA and/or the TCPA.

How many debt collection firms meet or exceed the FTC's $10,000,000 revenue baseline for review?

FTC and CFPB Affecting Collections Large and Small

The recent change in focus and attitude on the part of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has brought an aggressive new strategy from the Federal Government against the tactics and business practices of collection agencies and related industries such as debt relief companies.  While the new rules and policies were welcomed by consumer advocates who have long complained that debt collection has been existing in a quasi-legal and certainly immoral space for some time, the new policies at first seemed to focus only on the larger firms that had revenues of $10,000,000 and up.  Many consumer advocates were unhappy with this baseline as it meant the vast majority of agencies would be excluded from review, as only 175 out of approximately 4,500 collection firms meet the revenue baseline.

However, in the months since the new rules went into effect, it’s become clear that this aggressive new policy will affect the smaller collection agencies that don’t meet the revenue baseline just as heavily.  This has been demonstrated in two ways, direct and indirect.

Directly, the FTC and CFPB have brought several complaints and suits against smaller agencies in Florida and California in recent months, seeking judgments for violations including charging fees for debt relief services and improperly withholding information from consumers.  Many of the firms targeted do not meet the revenue baseline.

Indirectly, the tightened rules and renewed focus have impacted the smaller collection shops and collection law firms by a trickle down affect. Hence, a large collection agency that is subject to the new rules will have to insure their subcontractors all meet the new stringent guidelines. Therefore, smaller collection firms are now impacted—therefore their bottom lines are being negatively affected as well.  Poorly documented or contested debts that were previously sold to smaller shops as well as larger firms are now being sold more or less solely to the largest debt firms in the country.  The result is that smaller collection agencies do not have access to a great deal of the existing collectible debt.  As a result, even without direct action from the Federal Government, the smallest debt collection shops are suffering a sizable reduction in business.

What the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Means for Small Collections Firms

Due to recent changes that the Obama administration made in creating the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, beginning January 2, 2013, there will be a federal agency that will oversee the country’s largest debt collection firms.  Under the new regulations, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) will oversee any debt collection firm that brings in annual profits of more than $10 million.  Companies that do not meet this $10 million minimum will not be included in the CFPB’s crosshairs for increased regulation and oversight. 

The CFPB’s aim is to ensure that debt collectors follow the regulations and consumer protection practices that the Consumer Protection Act requires, including civil communication with debtors and maintaining fair debt collection practices.  However, although there are approximately 4,500 debt collection firms in the country, approximately 175 of these collections firms will be under the scrutiny of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.  The remainder will continue to be under the general regulations of the Federal Trade Commission but will not be under such close scrutiny. 

This recent push is due to the Federal Trade Commission’s attempt to crack down on unfair debt collection practices such as calling more than a certain number of times a day, harassing debtors at their place of employment, and calling outside of the hours of 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. in the debtor’s local time zone.  According to an FTC spokesman, the agency received 180,000 complaints in 2011 due to actions initiated by debt collectors in the attempt to collect upon unpaid debts that violated these restrictions, among others. 

While the FTC will continue to focus on collections firms of all sizes, the CFPB will regulate and enforce consumer protection law on the 175 firms that turn the biggest profits from collections.  This means that the smaller collections firms can breathe a sigh of relief that their own debt collections practices won’t be under such close scrutiny, although they must still follow the restrictions set forth in the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.    

How the TCPA can affect you in the collection of your accounts?

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The federal law Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) affect the collection of accounts. It restricts the use of automatic dialing systems, artificial or prerecorded voice messages and SMS received by cell phones to send unsolicited advertisements.

According to the TCPA, you may not call residences before 8 a.m. or after 9 p.m. local time. This limits the collection time for the collection agencies and law firms since this is also the working time for most people.

2nd solicitors even collection agencies must maintain a “Do Not Call” (DNC) list and must be honored for 5 years. The major limitation of this law, as enacted was that it was ineffective at proactively stopping unsolicited calls in that the consumer had to request of each telemarketer to be put onto that telemarketer's do-not-call list. This burden was lifted by the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act's establishment of the National Do Not Call Registry and adoption of the National Do-Not-Call list by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2003.

3rd solicitors, collectors, telemarketers must provide their name, the name of the person or entity on whose behalf the call is being made, and a telephone number or address at which that person or entity may be contacted. This rule is an advantage for the collections agencies for a callback on the customers.

4th calls cannot be made to residences with artificial voices or recordings. Both the FCC and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) prohibits artificial voices or recordings by telemarketers, collection agencies and solicitors to land lines and cell phones, even when the caller has an established business relationship with the customer, unless that customer specifically agrees in writing to receive such calls. Certain exemptions would remain, including those for tax-exempt charities, health care organizations, political campaigns, etc.

5th facsimile (fax) transmissions that are unsolicited are also prohibited. If a violation of the TCPA has been made, customers are entitled to collect damages directly from a collection agencies or law firms for $500 to $1,500 for each violation, or recover actual monetary loss, whichever is higher.

How past due should be your customer before you decide to turn over to a third party collection agency and law firm?

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The first tier of collection is with first party agencies that are subsidiaries of the company itself, these are from 1 – 30 days past due. Second tier is 31- 60 days past due, this tier, it depends upon the company if they still want the first-party to continue collecting or if they will pass it on to the third-party collections agency. 

Banks, firms or credit card companies resort to third party collections once the account reaches 90 days to 180 days delinquent. Each country and state has their own rules and regulations regarding collection agencies and their practices which are quite often very aggressive.

 

Third party collection agencies, will try to trace the customer and ensure full settlement of outstanding. If the customer is unable to settle the outstanding, the collector will ensure that a settlement plan or a discount strategy – as agreed by the company and the collection agency- is offered to the customers. 

The advantage of first party collection is there is no lag in time between an account becoming delinquent and the beginning of the collections process. Another is you have knowledge of your customers needs and practices, making the client-customer relationship positive even if the later incurred a debt, which helps down the road to keep the customer loyal to the company. Third party collections can sometimes be seen as hostile, however if your clients need your product or service to keep his or her business running smoothly, they will strive to stay on your good side. Sometimes if the customer just hears a familiar voice asking nicely for a payment is enough to keep the problem solved. 

Many times the third party agency or law firm will have settlement authority from the client to settle for far less than the original balance. Now after 180 days and the account’s still in collections it is advisable to have the account transferred to third party agencies or law firms. 

Third party agency or law firm are subjected to Fair Debt Collection Practices Act of 1977 (FDCPA). This law is administered by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), this federal law limits the hours of collection agency or law firm to call the customers and prohibits communication of the debt to a third party. It also prohibits false or misleading representation and making threats of actions the agency cannot lawfully or does not intend to take.